direct and indirect speech (TUGAS 3)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Introduction

            There two ways to convey/ report a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person or what someone says or thinks.

1. Direct speech

2. Indirect speech

For example, your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.

Example:

Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.

Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

            In direct speech, the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech, some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech.  Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.

There are three types of sentence in direct and indirect speech:

1.      STATEMENT: When you report what someone said in the past, you usually shift back a verb tense from the tense the speaker used. On the other words, the verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb or statement.

            simple present ------> simple past

            past -----> past perfect

            present perfect ------> past perfect

            will -----> would

            can -----> could

Quotation Statement/ Reported speech

“I am hungry.” She stated that she was hungry.

“I saw them leave.” Pat said he had seen them leave.

“I can’t remember you name.” Lisa said she couldn’t remember my name.

 “The exam will be next week.” Dr. Jones said the exam will be next week.

“I want to see that movie.” Kim said that she wants to see that movie.

Other examples:

1.         He said, “I work in a factory”                           (Direct speech)

2.         He said that he worked in a factory.                (Indirect speech)

3.        They said, “we are going to cinema”               (Direct speech)

4.         They said that they were going to cinema.      (Indirect speech)

2.      COMMANDS can be reported two ways:

1. a noun clause with a modal (usually should)

2. an infinitive

Examples:

 “Call me when you get home.”

She said that we should call her when we get home.

She said to call her when we get home.

“Plan ahead.”  

My father told me that I should plan ahead.

My father told me to plan ahead.

Requests for action or permission can be reported two ways:

1. a noun clause with if

2. an infinitive

Quotation                                                                   Reported Speech

 For action:

“Will you carry the box for me?”                    She asked me if I would carry the box for her.

                                                                        She asked me to carry the box for her.

Permission:

“Can I make an appointment?”                       The student asked if he could make an appointment.

                                                                        The student asked to make an appointment.

3.      QUESTIONS: The word order in a reported question is the same as in a statement. The subject comes before the verb.

Question: Are you ready?

Statement: I am ready.

Question in reported speech: She wanted to know if I was ready.

Punctuation: If the sentence is a statement, end it with a period (.) even if it contains a reported question.

Statement containing a reported question: She asked me what I thought of the new movie.

Question containing a reported question: Did she ask what you thought of the new movie?

YES/NO QUESTIONS

            To change a yes/no question to a noun clause in reported speech, introduce the noun clause with if or whether. Whether or not may also be used.

Examples:

Quotation                                                                   Reported Speech

“Did you turn off the coffee pot?”                 I asked Amy if she had turned off the coffee pot.

“Is supper ready?”                                          Eli wanted to know whether supper was ready.

“Will you be at the party?”                             Paul asked me whether or not I would be at the                                                                                 party.

“Should I tell her the news?”                          Jack wanted to know if he should tell Maria the

                                                                        news.

                                                                        Jack wondered whether he should tell Maria

                                                                        the news or not.

                                                                        Jack asked whether he should tell Maria the

                                                                        news.

aktive and passive voice

 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

A.    Theory of Active Voice and Passive Voice
      Active voice is the sentence that accompanied the transitive verb with the subject in front of verbs such as actors who perform an act. Examples of active voice sentences are as follows :

1. We eat rice every day
2. You drink milk every day
3. They lock the gate every night
4. The Teacher is explaining the lesson
5. The Students are writing a story
6. He bought the house last year
7. I took the hammer yesterday
8. We have finished the work
9. John has sent the letter
10. We shall invite simon
11. Albert will arrange the books

      Passive voice is a form of the verb phrase that accompanied the three (Past Participle) describe the thing done (by the doer). Examples Passive voice sentences are as follows:
1. Rice is eaten every day
2. Milk is drunk every day
3. The gate is locked every night by them
4. The lesson is being explained by the teacher
5. A story is being written by the students
6. The house was bought last year
7. The hammer was taken by me yesterday
8. The work has been finished by us
9. The letter has been sent by John
10. Simon will be invited
11. The books will be arranged by albert

B.     Comparison of Active Voice and Passive Voice

            A sentence is in the active voice when the subject performs the action of the verb, while a sentence which is in the passive voice is when the subject receives the action of the verb. The verb in a passive-voice sentence consists of a form of ‘be’ and the past participle. Usually, a phrase beginning with ‘by’ follows a verb in a passive-voice.

            The active voice is stronger and emphasizes the performer. When you want to emphasize on the receiver of the action, you can use passive voice sentence. It is also can be used when you don’t know who the performer is.

C.    The Formula of Active and passive voice

1)      Active voice

SUBJECT   +      VERB (1)  +   OBJECT + Complement

See the examples below:

They MAKE paper from wood pulp       

Albert Einstein DEVELOPED the "Theory of Relativity"         

They IMPORT rubber from India           

They MAKE butter from milk     

Alexander Graham Bell INVENTED the telephone in 1876      

They MAKE the 'fizz' in fizzy drinks with carbon dioxide        

They DROVE the first cars in Germany in 1885 Passive voice

2)      Paasive voice

OBJECT + FORM OF "TO BE" (DIFFERENT TENSES) + PAST PARTICIPLE + ‘By” SUBJECT

See the examples below:

Paper IS MADE from wood pulp

The "Theory of Relativity" WAS DEVELOPED by Albert Einstein

Rubber IS IMPORTED from India

Butter IS MADE from milk

The telephone WAS INVENTED by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876

The 'fizz' in fizzy drinks IS MADE using carbon dioxide

The first cars WERE DRIVEN by Gottleib Daimler and Karl Benz in 1893

How to change Active sentences into passive sentences:
Subjects in active sentence is at the front of the verb, and object there behind the verb. Note the changes in passive sentences below. Objects can be located in front of the verb. Past Participle (Verb to 3) is always used in active sentences.

Examples :
1.   (Active) : We need water
      (Passive) : Water is needed
2.   (Active) : They admire Madona
      (Passive) : Madona is admired
3.   (Active) : We educate our children
      (Passive) : Our children are educated
4.   (Active) : They built this house last year
      (Passive) : This house was built last year

5.   (Active) : They will forget this case
      (Passive) : This case will be forgotten

D.                Active and Passive sentences in Simple Present
- Active sentences in Present tense menggunakan Kata kerja 1
- Passive sentences in present tense menggunakan am/is/are + kata kerja 3
Example :
a.(Active) : I turn the light off at bed time
(Passive) : The light is turned off at bed time

b.(Active) : We import a lot of cars from japan
(Passive) : A lot of cars are imported from japan

E. Active and Passive sentences Past Tense
- Kalimat aktif dalam Past tense menggunakan Kata kerja ke-2
- Kalimat pasif dalam Past tense menggunakan was/ware + kata kerja ke-3

Example :
a.(Active) : They signed the agreement
(Passive) : The agreement was signed by them

b.(Active) : Lightning struck the tree last week
(Passive) : The tree was struck by lightning last week


F. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam bentuk Present Continuous
- Kalimat Aktif dalam present Continuous Kata kerja ke-1 + ING
- Kalimat Pasif dalam present Continuous am/is/are + being + kata kerja ke-3
Example :
a.(Active) : They are looking at you
(Passive) : You are being locked at by them

b.(Active) : The men are cutting down the trees
(Passive) : The trees are being cut down


G. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Past Continuous
- Kalimat Aktif dalam past continuous menggunakan Was/Were + Kata kerja ke-1 + Ing
- Kalimat Pasif dalam past continuous menggunakan Was/Were + Being + Kata kerja ke-3
Example:
A.(Active) : He was teaching me at ten o’clock yesterday
(Passive) : I was being taught at ten o’clock yesterday

B.(Active) : They were beating up the thief until the police arrived
(Passive) : The thief was being beaten up until the police arrived

H. Kalimat Akif dan Pasif dalam Present Perfect
- Kalimat aktif dalam present perfect menggunakan Have/Has + Kata kerja ke-3
- Kalimat Pasif dalam present perfect menggunakan Have/Has + been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
A.(Active) : A mosquito has bitten me
(Passive) : I have been bitten by a mosquito

B.(Active) : We have warned him about that
(Passive) : He has been warned about that

I. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam bentuk Past Perfect
- Kalimat Aktif dalam past perfect menggunakan had + kata kerja ke-3
- Kalimat pasif dalam past perfect menggunakan had been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
A.(Active) : Johnson had bought my horse when you met us
(Passive) : My horse had been bought by Johnson when you met us
B.(Active) : Paul told me that somebody had hit him
(Passive) : Paul told me that he had been hit by someone

G. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Will/ Shall
- Kalimat aktif menggunakan ” Will/ Shall” : Will/ Shall + kata kerja ke-1
- Kalimat pasif menggunakan ” Will/ Shall” : Will/ Shall + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
A.(Active) : I Shall carry out this plan
(Passive) : This plan Will be carried out

B.(Active) : You Will not leave the baby alone
(Passive) : The baby Will not be left alone

J.Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam CAN
- Kalimat aktif menggunakan CAN : CAN + kata kerja ke-1
- Kalimat pasif menggunakan CAN : CAN + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
A.(Active): You can practice English every day
(Passive): English can be practiced every day

B.(Active) : We can’t cheat them
(Passive) : They can’t be cheated

tugas tulisan 1

Cintaku  sampai  semua  waktu  berhenti

            Damai  tersentuh  saat  berdua,  bahagia  menyelimuti  ketika  bersama.  Rasa  yang menjadi  kawan  sehembusan  nafas.  Tak  tertolak,  bersama  berdua  menjalani  mimpi  dan    kenyataan  yang  berdampingan.  “Tuhan  jaga  dia  saat  tangannya  tak sedang  ku  genggam”  kata-kata  itu  yang  akan  selalu  ada,  tak  terlupa.  Doa  yang  menjadi  tombak  saat  diri  mulai merindu.  Dan  memejam  mata  untuk  sekedar  merasakan  hangat  kehadirannya.

            Semilir  angin  senja  menemani  mereka,  Zian  dan  Key  yang  terduduk  berdua.  Mengiringi  mentari  yang  mulai  menutup  diri.  Di  tempat  ini,  dimana  mereka menggantungkan  mimpi  mereka,  jauh  keatas  awan.  Tempat  yang  begitu  damai  saat  sore  menjelma  yaitu  diatas  gedung  sekolah  mereka.  Disinilah  kasih  dan  sayang  mereka  terjaga  selama  3  tahun.

            “Aku mencintai, menyayangi  dan  merindumu  selalu  key”

            Zian  yang  punya  sejuta  cara,  mimpi,  dan  rencana  untuk  hidup  mereka  berdua,  denagan  key  tentunya.  Tak  sedikitpun  waktu  yang  percuma  bila  lembut  tangan  key  telah  tergenggam  dan  tatap hangat  telah  ia dapat.  “Aku  akan  selalu  bahagiakan  dirimu,  meski nafasku  harus  ku  berikan  padamu“.  Janji  zian  itu  yang  membuat  mereka  bertahan  hingga  kelulusan  telah  menunggu  di  depan  pintu.

            “Yan  satu  bulan  lagi  kita  UN……”key  menatap  langit”aku  takut  saat  lulus  nanti  aku  tak  bisa  lagi  menggenggam  tanganmu”  sambungnya.

            “Semua  itu  tak  pernah  terjadi”  mereka saling  menatap  ”karena  aku  tak  kan membiarkan  tanganmu  jauh  dari  tanganku”  zian  menggenggam  tangan  key  dan  key  tersenyum.

            Keesokan  harinya  matahari  masih  menyapa  seperti  biasa.  Cinta  merekapun  semakin  sulit  dilepaskan.  Tangan  zian  masih  menggenggam  tangan  key.

            “mmm … kayanya tangan  kalian  gak  pernah  lepas  ya?”  ucap  risa

            “jangan-jangan  tangan  key  loe  lem  ya,  yan?” canda ega

            “hus … enak  aja”  zian  melepas  tangannya,  tapi  entah  mengapa  key  merasa  benar-benar  merasa  kehilangan.  “apakah  seperti  ini  bila  tangan  zian  tak  lagi  tergenggam”  ucp key  dalam  hati.

            “Hahaha … setiap  saat  tangan  kalian  gak  pernah  lepas,  takut banget  key  jauh,  kayanya”

            “Hahaha .. key  mah  gak  kan  pernah  jauh  dari  gue”  ucap zian  meyakinkan  tapi  key  semakin  merasa  bahwa  nanti  zian  benar-benar  jauh  darinya.

            “key  kok  kamu  diam?”  ucap  zian  dan  key  menggelengkan  kepala.

            Sebulan  beralan  begitu  capat  seakan  berlari  SPIRT.  Perpisahan  SMA  yang  mereka  tunggu-tunggu  karena  zian  punya  bnyak  rencana  untuk  hidup  mereka.  Mulai  dari  kuliah  bersama,  kost-kostan  yang berdekatan,  pertemuan-pertemuan  orang  tua  mereka,  hingga rencana  pernikahan  mereka.

            Malam  perpisahan  pun  menjemput.  Key berjalan  ke  aula  villa  dengan  mengenakan  kebaya  nan  cantik  juga  tata  rias  yang  telah  tertata  cantik.  Zian  menhampirinya  dan  mengulurkan  tangan  “my  princess  you  are  beautifull  this  night”  ucap  zian.  Dan  zian  menuntun  key  duduk  di  tempat  yang  telah  di  sediakan.

            Entah  rasa  apa  yang  sedang  di  rasakan  key,  ia  begitu  merasa  takut  kehilangan  zian.  Padahal  zian  selalu  meyakinkan  bahwa  dia  akan  tetap  disini,  disamping  key.

            “yan  entah  kenapa  perasaan  takut  itu  semakin  meresap  ke  tubuhku”

            “key   percaya  padaku,  kita  akan  selalu  bersama”  zian  mengampiri  pembawa acara  ke  atas  panggung,  entah  ia  sedang  membisikan  apa.  Tiba-tiba  zian  dduk  diatas  panggung  dan  memainkan  gitarnya.

“AKU  MAU  HIDUP DENGANMU AKU  MAU  MATI  PUN  KARENAMU AKU  YANG  RELA  TERLUKA  UNTUKMU  SELALU KU  JANJIKAN  AKU  ADA”

“AKU MAU”  BY  ONCE

            Setelah  mendegar  itu  key  merasa  lebih  tenang  dan  perasaannya  mulai  lega  dari  ketakutan-ketakutannya  itu.  Tapi  setelah  acaranya   selesai  key  mulai  merasakan  ketakutannya  itu.

            “key  kamu  beruntung  punya  si  zian”

            “dia  itu  sempurna,  dia  ganteng,  kaya  dan  sangat  pintar”

            “itu  namanya  miracle  of  love  plus  true  love”

            Key  hanya  tersenyum  sambil  membersihkan  dandanannya.  Tiba-tiba  saja  ia  teringat  perkataan  mamahnya  zian  saat  mereka  makan  bersama.  “tante  gak  tau  zian  suka  sama  kamu  dari  mananya  padahal  setau  tante  dulu  zian  suka  cewek  yang  pintar  jago  masak  dan  super  cantik”itu  yang  di  katakan  mamahnya  zian  saat  melihat  key  tak  bisa  memasak  “tapi  tante  percaya  dengan  pilihan  zian”

            “Key   ko  bengong?”

            “eh  gak  apa-apa”  key  terkejut

            Seminggu  setelah  perpisahan  key  dan  zian  sudah  mengurus  dan  mendaftar  ke  kampus  yang  mereka  inginkan  tapi  key  mendapat  kabar  dari  ayahnya  bahwa  ia  mendapat  tawaran  kuliah  ke singapura.  Key  tak  habis  fikir  padahal  key  kan  tak  sepintar  zian  akan  tetapi  kata  pengurusnya  ia  mempunyai  bakat  untuk  kuliah  disana.  “Tapi  bagaimana  dengan  zian”  fikirnya  dalam  hati.  Key  teringat  kata-kata  mamahnya  zian, baiklah  dia  akan  tunjukan  bahwa  hidupnya  akan  jauh  lebih  baik.  Akhirnya  key  mengambil  tawaran  tersebut  tanpa  izin  dari  zian.

            “Yan  bisa  kan  kamu  nunggu  aku  4  tahun?”

           
            “Key  aku  bisa  nunggu  kamu  asal  kamu  gak  jauh  dari  aku!”

            “Aku  akan  menghilang  dari  hidup  kamu?”

            “Key  aku  gak  bisa ….”

            “Kamu  harus  bisa  karena  ini  pilihan  hidup  aku”  key  lalu  pergi  dan  menahan  air  matanya.

            Zian  mengejarnya  “key  please  tetap  disini  ingat  janji  kita”  ucap  bian  dan  key  semakin  berlari  kencang.

            1  bulan  kemudian,key  menutup  semua  kenangan  dengan  zian  begitu  pula  kabar  dari  zian,  key  tak  mau  tau  semua  itu  karena  key  ingin  menjadi  seorng  yang  membanggakan  untuk  zian.  Tapi  setiap  kali  ia  terbangun  di  malam  hari  dan  teringat  zian,  key  selalu  menangis  dan  teringat  kata-kata  zian  “kita  akan  selalu  bersama kan?”

            4  tahun  di  jalani  key  dan  hari  inilah  wakktunya  key  pulang  dan  langsung  menemui  zian.  Key  mendapat  kabar  bahwa  zian  sekarang  berada  di  rumah  sakit  jiwa.  Awalnya  key  mengira  zian  menjadi  dokter  disana. Tapi  setelah  dia  mendengar  zian  berkata  “key  kita  akan  selalu  bersama  dan  akan  menikahkan ?” key  sadar  bahwa  zian  gila.  Key  benar-benar  merasa  bersalah.

            “yan  .. lihat aku .. key .. disini  kita akan  menikah  jadi  sadarlah!”

            “kamu .. kamu.. bukan  key” zian  mentap  key  sinis  “key  tunangan  aku  dan  aku  akan menikah  dengannya,  mary  mary  mary !”  zian  mendorong  key  lalu  pergi.

            “akkhhh!!!”teriak  key  ”tuhan  kenapa  zian  jadi  begini,  jangan  hukum dia  seperti  ini  ya allah ..  aku  yang  salah  jadi  hukum  aku  aja”  tapi  sekeras  apapun  key  berteriak  semuanya  tak  kan  pernah  kembali.

            Sore  ini  semilir  angin  masih  sama  saat  mereka  SMA.  Key  membawa  zian  ke  atas  gedung  sekolah  mereka.  Meski  sulit  mengajaknya  kesini  karna  dia  selalu  berontak.  Key  berharap  bahwa  zian  akan  kembali.  Tapi  semuanya  tak  sama,  zian  tak  juaga  tersadar  kembali.

            “yan  aku  akan  selalu  nunggu  kamu  sampai  kapan  pun  karena  cintaku  akan  selalu  disini”  ucap  key  pada  zian  yang  sibuk  dengan  dirinya  sendiri.

            Key  akan  selalu  menunggu  zian  sampai  kapanpun.  Dia  yakin  suatu  saat  nanti  zian  akan  kembali  seperti  dulu  saat  mereka  bersama   karena  dia  yakin  bahwa  zian  adalah  jodoh  yang  terkirim  dan  tersurat  untuknya.  Sampai  nanti  cinta  akan  menciptakan  kebahagiaannya  sendiri. 

tugas 1 b.inggris conditional sentence

Conditional Sentence

1.     Definition of Conditional Sentence
Conditional is a traditional label for the modal auxiliary verbs would and should when they do not express obligation. The name is given because sentences with these auxiliary verbs often imply an unstated condition.
For example, the sentence: “I would like a drink” appears to imply something like: “If I had a choice”.In practice, however, it is merely a polite way of asking for a drink. Conditional sentencesAny sentence of the form if...(then) is a conditional sentence.

2.     Types of Conditional sentence

There are three types of conditional sentence:

a.     Type 1 (Future Conditional)
Ø The function of type 1
Used to express something with the requisite degree of likelihood of occurrence is affected by certain conditions

Ø Formula :  if+S+(Bi/Pt+O)/(is,am,are+adj noun) , S + will,must,shall,can,may + (bio+O)/(be)                             

Ø example :

·        If he has money, he will buy a car.
·        If you are lazy, you will fail in the exam.

 Ø Fact

·        If he has money, he will buy a car. ---à there is possibility for him to buy a car someday or         later.
·        If you are lazy, you will fail in the exam. --à so you don’t be lazy.

b.     Type II Present Conditiona

Ø The function of type II
Used to express something with the requisite degree of likelihood of occurrence is affected by certain conditions.

Ø Formula :  if+S+(Pt+O)/(were+adj noun) ,S + would,should,could,might + (bi +O) / (be)

Ø Example :
·        She could help him if she came early.
( fact : she doesn’t help him because she doesn’t come early)

 ·      I were a bird, I would fly. ( fact : I am not a bird so I don’t fly) 

c.      Type III Past Conditional

Ø The function of type III

Used to express something with the requisite degree of likelihood of occurrence is affected by certain conditions.

Ø Formula :  if + S + had + (pp+O)/been ,S + would,should,could,might + (pp +O) / (been)

Ø Example :
·        She could have stopped a taxi I she had not got the bus.
( fact : she didn’t stop a taxi because she got the bus)

·        If he had been here, I would have given him the money.
( fact : he wasn’t here so I didn’t give him the money)