direct and indirect speech (TUGAS 3)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Introduction

            There two ways to convey/ report a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person or what someone says or thinks.

1. Direct speech

2. Indirect speech

For example, your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.

Example:

Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.

Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

            In direct speech, the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech, some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech.  Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.

There are three types of sentence in direct and indirect speech:

1.      STATEMENT: When you report what someone said in the past, you usually shift back a verb tense from the tense the speaker used. On the other words, the verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb or statement.

            simple present ------> simple past

            past -----> past perfect

            present perfect ------> past perfect

            will -----> would

            can -----> could

Quotation Statement/ Reported speech

“I am hungry.” She stated that she was hungry.

“I saw them leave.” Pat said he had seen them leave.

“I can’t remember you name.” Lisa said she couldn’t remember my name.

 “The exam will be next week.” Dr. Jones said the exam will be next week.

“I want to see that movie.” Kim said that she wants to see that movie.

Other examples:

1.         He said, “I work in a factory”                           (Direct speech)

2.         He said that he worked in a factory.                (Indirect speech)

3.        They said, “we are going to cinema”               (Direct speech)

4.         They said that they were going to cinema.      (Indirect speech)

2.      COMMANDS can be reported two ways:

1. a noun clause with a modal (usually should)

2. an infinitive

Examples:

 “Call me when you get home.”

She said that we should call her when we get home.

She said to call her when we get home.

“Plan ahead.”  

My father told me that I should plan ahead.

My father told me to plan ahead.

Requests for action or permission can be reported two ways:

1. a noun clause with if

2. an infinitive

Quotation                                                                   Reported Speech

 For action:

“Will you carry the box for me?”                    She asked me if I would carry the box for her.

                                                                        She asked me to carry the box for her.

Permission:

“Can I make an appointment?”                       The student asked if he could make an appointment.

                                                                        The student asked to make an appointment.

3.      QUESTIONS: The word order in a reported question is the same as in a statement. The subject comes before the verb.

Question: Are you ready?

Statement: I am ready.

Question in reported speech: She wanted to know if I was ready.

Punctuation: If the sentence is a statement, end it with a period (.) even if it contains a reported question.

Statement containing a reported question: She asked me what I thought of the new movie.

Question containing a reported question: Did she ask what you thought of the new movie?

YES/NO QUESTIONS

            To change a yes/no question to a noun clause in reported speech, introduce the noun clause with if or whether. Whether or not may also be used.

Examples:

Quotation                                                                   Reported Speech

“Did you turn off the coffee pot?”                 I asked Amy if she had turned off the coffee pot.

“Is supper ready?”                                          Eli wanted to know whether supper was ready.

“Will you be at the party?”                             Paul asked me whether or not I would be at the                                                                                 party.

“Should I tell her the news?”                          Jack wanted to know if he should tell Maria the

                                                                        news.

                                                                        Jack wondered whether he should tell Maria

                                                                        the news or not.

                                                                        Jack asked whether he should tell Maria the

                                                                        news.

aktive and passive voice

 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

A.    Theory of Active Voice and Passive Voice
      Active voice is the sentence that accompanied the transitive verb with the subject in front of verbs such as actors who perform an act. Examples of active voice sentences are as follows :

1. We eat rice every day
2. You drink milk every day
3. They lock the gate every night
4. The Teacher is explaining the lesson
5. The Students are writing a story
6. He bought the house last year
7. I took the hammer yesterday
8. We have finished the work
9. John has sent the letter
10. We shall invite simon
11. Albert will arrange the books

      Passive voice is a form of the verb phrase that accompanied the three (Past Participle) describe the thing done (by the doer). Examples Passive voice sentences are as follows:
1. Rice is eaten every day
2. Milk is drunk every day
3. The gate is locked every night by them
4. The lesson is being explained by the teacher
5. A story is being written by the students
6. The house was bought last year
7. The hammer was taken by me yesterday
8. The work has been finished by us
9. The letter has been sent by John
10. Simon will be invited
11. The books will be arranged by albert

B.     Comparison of Active Voice and Passive Voice

            A sentence is in the active voice when the subject performs the action of the verb, while a sentence which is in the passive voice is when the subject receives the action of the verb. The verb in a passive-voice sentence consists of a form of ‘be’ and the past participle. Usually, a phrase beginning with ‘by’ follows a verb in a passive-voice.

            The active voice is stronger and emphasizes the performer. When you want to emphasize on the receiver of the action, you can use passive voice sentence. It is also can be used when you don’t know who the performer is.

C.    The Formula of Active and passive voice

1)      Active voice

SUBJECT   +      VERB (1)  +   OBJECT + Complement

See the examples below:

They MAKE paper from wood pulp       

Albert Einstein DEVELOPED the "Theory of Relativity"         

They IMPORT rubber from India           

They MAKE butter from milk     

Alexander Graham Bell INVENTED the telephone in 1876      

They MAKE the 'fizz' in fizzy drinks with carbon dioxide        

They DROVE the first cars in Germany in 1885 Passive voice

2)      Paasive voice

OBJECT + FORM OF "TO BE" (DIFFERENT TENSES) + PAST PARTICIPLE + ‘By” SUBJECT

See the examples below:

Paper IS MADE from wood pulp

The "Theory of Relativity" WAS DEVELOPED by Albert Einstein

Rubber IS IMPORTED from India

Butter IS MADE from milk

The telephone WAS INVENTED by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876

The 'fizz' in fizzy drinks IS MADE using carbon dioxide

The first cars WERE DRIVEN by Gottleib Daimler and Karl Benz in 1893

How to change Active sentences into passive sentences:
Subjects in active sentence is at the front of the verb, and object there behind the verb. Note the changes in passive sentences below. Objects can be located in front of the verb. Past Participle (Verb to 3) is always used in active sentences.

Examples :
1.   (Active) : We need water
      (Passive) : Water is needed
2.   (Active) : They admire Madona
      (Passive) : Madona is admired
3.   (Active) : We educate our children
      (Passive) : Our children are educated
4.   (Active) : They built this house last year
      (Passive) : This house was built last year

5.   (Active) : They will forget this case
      (Passive) : This case will be forgotten

D.                Active and Passive sentences in Simple Present
- Active sentences in Present tense menggunakan Kata kerja 1
- Passive sentences in present tense menggunakan am/is/are + kata kerja 3
Example :
a.(Active) : I turn the light off at bed time
(Passive) : The light is turned off at bed time

b.(Active) : We import a lot of cars from japan
(Passive) : A lot of cars are imported from japan

E. Active and Passive sentences Past Tense
- Kalimat aktif dalam Past tense menggunakan Kata kerja ke-2
- Kalimat pasif dalam Past tense menggunakan was/ware + kata kerja ke-3

Example :
a.(Active) : They signed the agreement
(Passive) : The agreement was signed by them

b.(Active) : Lightning struck the tree last week
(Passive) : The tree was struck by lightning last week


F. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam bentuk Present Continuous
- Kalimat Aktif dalam present Continuous Kata kerja ke-1 + ING
- Kalimat Pasif dalam present Continuous am/is/are + being + kata kerja ke-3
Example :
a.(Active) : They are looking at you
(Passive) : You are being locked at by them

b.(Active) : The men are cutting down the trees
(Passive) : The trees are being cut down


G. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Past Continuous
- Kalimat Aktif dalam past continuous menggunakan Was/Were + Kata kerja ke-1 + Ing
- Kalimat Pasif dalam past continuous menggunakan Was/Were + Being + Kata kerja ke-3
Example:
A.(Active) : He was teaching me at ten o’clock yesterday
(Passive) : I was being taught at ten o’clock yesterday

B.(Active) : They were beating up the thief until the police arrived
(Passive) : The thief was being beaten up until the police arrived

H. Kalimat Akif dan Pasif dalam Present Perfect
- Kalimat aktif dalam present perfect menggunakan Have/Has + Kata kerja ke-3
- Kalimat Pasif dalam present perfect menggunakan Have/Has + been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
A.(Active) : A mosquito has bitten me
(Passive) : I have been bitten by a mosquito

B.(Active) : We have warned him about that
(Passive) : He has been warned about that

I. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam bentuk Past Perfect
- Kalimat Aktif dalam past perfect menggunakan had + kata kerja ke-3
- Kalimat pasif dalam past perfect menggunakan had been + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
A.(Active) : Johnson had bought my horse when you met us
(Passive) : My horse had been bought by Johnson when you met us
B.(Active) : Paul told me that somebody had hit him
(Passive) : Paul told me that he had been hit by someone

G. Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam Will/ Shall
- Kalimat aktif menggunakan ” Will/ Shall” : Will/ Shall + kata kerja ke-1
- Kalimat pasif menggunakan ” Will/ Shall” : Will/ Shall + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
A.(Active) : I Shall carry out this plan
(Passive) : This plan Will be carried out

B.(Active) : You Will not leave the baby alone
(Passive) : The baby Will not be left alone

J.Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif dalam CAN
- Kalimat aktif menggunakan CAN : CAN + kata kerja ke-1
- Kalimat pasif menggunakan CAN : CAN + be + kata kerja ke-3

Example:
A.(Active): You can practice English every day
(Passive): English can be practiced every day

B.(Active) : We can’t cheat them
(Passive) : They can’t be cheated