NOUN CLAUSE Tugas 4

NOUN CLAUSE

A. Definition of noun clause

            A noun is a person, place or thing. A Noun-Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.

            Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences: A noun clause can be a subject of a verb, object of a verb, subject complement, object of a preposition, adjective complement. Here are the examples:

1.      A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:

What Billy did shocked his friends.

2.      A noun clause can be an object of a verb:

Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.

3.      A noun clause can be a subject complement:

Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.

4.      A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

5.      A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement:

Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

B. Types of Noun clause

There are four common types of noun clause, those are:

1.      Question word order

            Statement word order is always used in a noun clause, even if the main clause is a question. To change the question into statement is by arranging its word roder.

Example:

      Do you know what time is it? (question word order: is it)  à not correct

Do you know what time it is? (Statement word order: it is) à correct

      Everybody wondered where did Bobby go? (question word order: did Bobby go) à not correct

Everybody wondered where Bobby went? (statement word order: Bobby went) à correct

2.      Yes-No question

            To change yes-no question into a noun clause is by using word ‘if’ or ‘whether’,

Example:

      John wonders – Does Jane know how to cook? à yes-no question

John wonders if Jane knows how to cook? à noun clause of yes-no question

      The teacher must determine – Are their students ready to study?

The teacher must determine if/ whether their students are ready to study?

3.      That question

            That question or ‘That’ clause is a noun clause which is started by word ‘that’.

Examples:

      I believe that everything happens for a reason

      I know that the students studied their assignment

      I know that Billy made a mistake

To change a statement to a noun clause use that:

I know + Billy made a mistake =

I know that Billy made a mistake.

            ‘that’clause cannot be omitted when it is as a first word in a sentence.

Example:

      That Bobby jumped off the pier surprised everyone

      That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock.

4.      To Infinitive clause

            To Infinitive clause is a type of noun clause whose verb is in the infinitive form, using ‘to’ infinitive.

Examples:

      Jim hates to wash his uncle’s car

      Rosie loves to plan parties

      Jill expected Marry to stay at home all day.

      To know all is to forgive all.

      To educate a man in mind and not in morals is to educate a menace to society

direct and indirect speech (TUGAS 3)

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Introduction

            There two ways to convey/ report a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person or what someone says or thinks.

1. Direct speech

2. Indirect speech

For example, your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.

Example:

Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.

Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

            In direct speech, the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech, some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech.  Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.

There are three types of sentence in direct and indirect speech:

1.      STATEMENT: When you report what someone said in the past, you usually shift back a verb tense from the tense the speaker used. On the other words, the verb first part of sentence (i.e. he said, she said, he says, they said, she says,) before the statement of a person in sentence is called reporting verb or statement.

            simple present ------> simple past

            past -----> past perfect

            present perfect ------> past perfect

            will -----> would

            can -----> could

Quotation Statement/ Reported speech

“I am hungry.” She stated that she was hungry.

“I saw them leave.” Pat said he had seen them leave.

“I can’t remember you name.” Lisa said she couldn’t remember my name.

 “The exam will be next week.” Dr. Jones said the exam will be next week.

“I want to see that movie.” Kim said that she wants to see that movie.

Other examples:

1.         He said, “I work in a factory”                           (Direct speech)

2.         He said that he worked in a factory.                (Indirect speech)

3.        They said, “we are going to cinema”               (Direct speech)

4.         They said that they were going to cinema.      (Indirect speech)

2.      COMMANDS can be reported two ways:

1. a noun clause with a modal (usually should)

2. an infinitive

Examples:

 “Call me when you get home.”

She said that we should call her when we get home.

She said to call her when we get home.

“Plan ahead.”  

My father told me that I should plan ahead.

My father told me to plan ahead.

Requests for action or permission can be reported two ways:

1. a noun clause with if

2. an infinitive

Quotation                                                                   Reported Speech

 For action:

“Will you carry the box for me?”                    She asked me if I would carry the box for her.

                                                                        She asked me to carry the box for her.

Permission:

“Can I make an appointment?”                       The student asked if he could make an appointment.

                                                                        The student asked to make an appointment.

3.      QUESTIONS: The word order in a reported question is the same as in a statement. The subject comes before the verb.

Question: Are you ready?

Statement: I am ready.

Question in reported speech: She wanted to know if I was ready.

Punctuation: If the sentence is a statement, end it with a period (.) even if it contains a reported question.

Statement containing a reported question: She asked me what I thought of the new movie.

Question containing a reported question: Did she ask what you thought of the new movie?

YES/NO QUESTIONS

            To change a yes/no question to a noun clause in reported speech, introduce the noun clause with if or whether. Whether or not may also be used.

Examples:

Quotation                                                                   Reported Speech

“Did you turn off the coffee pot?”                 I asked Amy if she had turned off the coffee pot.

“Is supper ready?”                                          Eli wanted to know whether supper was ready.

“Will you be at the party?”                             Paul asked me whether or not I would be at the                                                                                 party.

“Should I tell her the news?”                          Jack wanted to know if he should tell Maria the

                                                                        news.

                                                                        Jack wondered whether he should tell Maria

                                                                        the news or not.

                                                                        Jack asked whether he should tell Maria the

                                                                        news.